Poll: A plurality of Americans support religious work exemptions—but only if not costly
Photo by Adam Szuscik on Unsplash.
by CRAIG HELMSTETTER and ERIC PLUTZER | June 7, 2023
In the 1960s, so-called “Blue Laws” were under attack for restricting freedom because they prevented people from working on Sundays. Since that time, work on Sunday—and other religious holidays—has proliferated.
Now, in Groff v. Dejoy the Supreme Court is poised to rule on whether the government, and possibly other employers, can make work on religiously significant days a non-negotiable part of someone’s job description.
The McCourtney Institute for Democracy’s most recent Mood of the Nation Poll, conducted May 12-18, 2023, finds that a slight plurality of Americans favors religious-based work exemptions for government employees, “but only if the cost and inconvenience are minimal.” In addition,
Thirty-two percent oppose work exemptions under all circumstances.
Only one in five Americans believe that religious work exemptions should be granted when doing so would impose major costs on the government.
According to judicial scholar Michael Nelson, Director of Penn State’s Center for American Political Responsiveness, “A big trend in the Supreme Court's jurisprudence in recent years has been an increase in the protections religious Americans should receive. It's surprising to see such a gap between the attitudes of the people the Court's rulings are protecting and the direction of the Court's rulings.”
This could have important implications according to Nelson: “If the Supreme Court should take the position that workers are entitled to work exemptions even when the employer or co-workers have to endure additional cost and inconvenience, it may further erode public support for the Court.”
Support for low-cost religious work exemptions is the most popular position among most groups of Americans
While the judicial branch, at least in theory, is non-political and insulated from popular opinion, it is nonetheless instructive to know what the broader public thinks of issues before the court and how those opinions differ across demographic and partisan lines.
Opinions on this topic do not vary dramatically along demographic lines, although there are some differences in support for religious work exemptions:
By generation, a higher proportion of those in the Baby Boom Generation (age 59 to 77) and Silent Generation (age 78 or older) oppose religious work exemptions than is the case among Generation Z (age 18 to 26; 37% compared to 25%).
A higher proportion of those with at least a college degree are opposed to religious work exemptions (40%), as compared to those with a high school degree or less (31%) and especially those with some college (26%).
Differences by gender, race and ethnicity, and income are generally within the survey’s margin of error, suggesting no notable differences in the patterns of support for religious work exemptions.
Opinions are even similar across political lines, with about one-in-five Democrats and Republicans each supporting religious work exemptions even when costs to government are high.
When Americans are grouped by expressly religious categories, some differences emerge. Surprisingly, however, support for unlimited religious-based work exemptions did not receive majority support from any religious demographic. Only 29% of Protestants expressed support for exemptions “even if the cost and inconvenience are high,” as did only 25% of those who identify as born-again or evangelical Christians, 27% of those who say religion is “very important” in their lives, and 27% of those who report praying several times per day.
While this survey cannot claim to represent the opinions of smaller religious groups, it does capture the opinions of 128 people who identify with religions other than the largest Christian denominations. Even among this amalgam of people, many of whom may celebrate holidays that fall outside of the Christian holidays often reflected as official work holidays, only about one-quarter support unfettered access to religious work exemptions.
Penn State’s Nelson noted, “It's surprising how consistent Americans' stances on this issue are regardless of their religiosity. I would have expected to see that people for whom religion is an important part of their life to be much more likely to think that government should accommodate them even when those accommodations are costly.”
That said, religious work exemptions receive somewhat less support among less religious groups. For example, 39% of those who say religion is “not at all” important to their lives and 39% of those who pray only seldom or never indicate that government workers should not receive religion-based work exemptions.
PARTNER FOR THIS SURVEY
The McCourtney Institute for Democracy at Penn State promotes scholarship and practical innovations that defend and advance democracy in the United States and abroad. Through teaching, research and public outreach, the Institute leverages the resources of Penn State and partners around the world to foster a model of deliberation, policymaking and responsiveness that is passionate, informed and civil.
The Institute’s Mood of the Nation poll offers a unique approach to public opinion polling. It allows Americans to speak in their own words through open-ended questions that focus on emotions like anger and hope, as well as commitment to constitutional principles.
For earlier findings from our collaboration with the McCourtney Institute, see our Mood of the Nation landing page.